How your mortgage payment is calculated
The principal & interest (P&I) part of your payment comes from the amortization formula: the lender finds the one fixed monthly amount that, paid every month, retires the loan exactly at the end of the term. Each payment first covers that month's interest on the remaining balance; whatever is left chips away at the principal. Property taxes and homeowners insurance don't go to the lender at all — they're usually collected into escrow and stacked on top of P&I, which is why your real payment is bigger than the number in the rate ads.
The formula
M is the monthly principal & interest payment, P the loan amount (home price minus down payment), r the monthly interest rate (annual rate ÷ 12 ÷ 100), and n the number of monthly payments (years × 12). If the rate is 0%, the payment is simply P ÷ n.
Worked example
A $375,000 home with $75,000 down (20%) leaves a $300,000 loan. At 6.5% for 30 years: r = 0.065 ÷ 12 ≈ 0.005417 and n = 360, which gives a P&I payment of $1,896.20 per month.
Add $3,600/year property tax ($300/month) and $1,800/year insurance ($150/month), and the full monthly payment is $2,346.20. Over 30 years you'd pay roughly $382,600 in interest — more than the original loan itself.
Front-loaded interest and the 28% rule
In that example, the very first payment includes $1,625 of interest (0.5417% of $300,000) and only $271 of principal — about 86% of the check goes to interest. The split improves a little every month, but it takes most of a 30-year term before principal dominates. That's why extra payments made in the early years are so powerful: every extra dollar goes straight to the balance, killing decades of future interest on it.
For affordability, lenders lean on the 28% rule: your full housing payment (P&I plus taxes and insurance) should be at most 28% of your gross monthly income. The $2,346.20 payment above would call for roughly $8,380 of gross monthly income — about a $100,000 salary. Treat it as a ceiling, not a target; a payment well below it leaves room for everything else life invoices you for.